Atoms Radiation And Radiation Protection Solution Manual BETTER
Atoms Radiation And Radiation Protection Solution Manual
exposure to ionizing radiation may increase susceptibility to infection. long-term ionizing radiation exposure is the cause of the breast cancer in about 0.5% of all radiation exposed women. it is one of the most common causes of secondary breast cancers and other malignancies. exposure of the female breast tissue to low to moderate doses of ionizing radiation increases the risk of breast cancer.
bentley laboratories (bentex) is a company that has produced special instruments that measure the radiation doses for every home and industry in an area. they estimate that, in any given area, there are more than six types of radiation that are out of compliance and need repair. their program covers regions in: california, idaho, nevada, oregon and utah. bentex has obtained great client satisfaction by supplying radiation dose meters to the 20 industries using radioactive materials.
the diameter of a beam at the sample is measured in millimeters and is called the diameter of the beam. the energy of the beam is measured in millimeters of water equivalent and is measured in mev or mev electron-volts. a special process is called collimation in which the spread of the beam can be reduced to less than one millimeter. some machines for producing radiation use computer technology to measure and control the spatial and energy characteristics of the beam. this is called the r-ray beam therapy.
the abbreviation bx refers to brain x-ray. this is the process by which x-rays penetrate skull and brain and display a shadow effect on the x-ray film. the bony outline of the skull is then differentiated from soft tissue structures, and soft tissue and fluid content can be seen behind and next to the bony outline. x-ray tubes are large in diameter and must be moved by skilled individuals to follow the patient in a wheelchair. this technique is called fluoroscopy. the process of using x-ray radiation to detect the location of bones and other anatomical elements is called roentgenography or radiology. the process of using a visible or invisible body radiation (e.g. beta and gamma rays from a radionuclide) to study the body is called scintigraphy.
all of the components of radioactive material must be accounted for. any amount of sealed source material unaccounted for is a potential safety issue. for facilities that have a significant amount of unaccounted for sealed source material, wpi may require that the facility complete a source accounting form in accordance with the radiation control program.
for any detector, there is an active side and a passive side. the active side is where the detection event occurs, and the passive side is where the detector physics and electronics are housed. the electronics supply the amplification and storage of the count rate and perform the actual detection. depending on the type of detector, the electronics may measure either charge or energy, but for electron beam (such as computed tomography), most detectors perform both. in order to get a detector working properly, it is important to check for dead or malfunctioning electrodes and properly pre-condition the detector for the type of radiation it will be used for.
the term shielding refers to any material, device or process which effectively prevents, controls or limits the passage of, or the radiation dose at, unwanted objects and individuals. when an ionizing radiation beam passes through a shielding material, the thickness of the material does not necessarily determine the quality of protection. the material must have the correct characteristics in terms of atomic number and density. material such as lead is frequently used for shielding, especially when it comes to detecting x-rays. it has a high atomic number (z = 82) which reflects the inherent electron density and hence the capacity to stop x-rays. it is also fairly dense with a low atomic number (a low z element). another important characteristic of shielding material is the ability to prevent the passage of unwanted radiation. the material must be able to absorb this unwanted radiation but must also not «interfere» with the desired radiation. this means that the material must not itself emit radiation nor change the type of radiation that is being measured.
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